Abstract
The socio-economic development of the country depends on the efficiency of public administration, which, in turn, is determined by a set of institutions. D. North distinguishes between formal and informal institutions. Formal institutions (formal rules) regulate the activities of individuals and legal entities. They are regulated by laws, regulations and consist of the text of the rules, the rules for reading and using this text and procedural knowledge of how and under which circumstances to apply the specified rule. The lion's share of these rules are created by the state. Informal institutions (informal rules of the game) such as customs, traditions, stereotypes of behavior, value attitudes are formed spontaneously where the action of formal ones has ceased, and economic relationships, interactions and norms of interpersonal and intergroup communication have formed. Informal habits evolve and reproduce through the transmission of cultural values, but these processes occur slowly and cannot be consciously directed. After the change of formal rules, informal traditions that have gradually evolved as a continuation of previous informal habits are transformed. This results in restructuring of the common constraints in both dimensions to promote a new equilibrium. Informal institutions represent unwritten and undocumented values and customs of economic activity in the texts of official documents. Informal institutions are not legalized and should contribute to strengthening trust and respect for the rule of law [1].
A set of formal and informal institutions that are in constant interdependence and interaction represent the institutional environment. Formal institutions can be changed quite quickly, unlike informal ones, which are stable over time, and transform rather slowly depending on the maturity of society. Therefore, the period of their adaptation in the new institutional environment is long and may be accompanied by the deterioration of the welfare of society, the growth of social inequality, inflationary processes, the imbalance of public finances, the growth of public debt and other negative phenomena for the socio-economic system.
The purposeful change of institutions, the formation of a qualitatively new institutional landscape that corresponds to the realities of today, is carried out through institutional reforms. In the process of institutional reform, the behavior of the subject of the economic system is determined by following strategies: the "voice" strategy, which involves active opposition to the new rule; a "leniency" strategy, which defines either active support of the new rules or agreement to follow them in one's business practices; the "exit" strategy, which means that economic subjects do not protest against new orders, they simply bypass them or deform the new rules, fitting them into existing business schemes, which results in the partial washing out or undermining of the formal institution; the strategy of "neutrality" - neutral participants mostly make up the majority of participants in the process. The neutrality of most participants of the process is determined by the fact that either the new rule applies to their interests, or they choose an "exit" strategy. If it is possible to evoke the leniency of neutral forces, then the new institution overcomes the barrier of the majority [2].
In the context of uncertainty theory, institutional reforms are divided into partial ones, which are associated with the change of local institutions; cardinal, which consist of the change of some basic institutions, and systemic transformational institutions, which involve the change of the entire system of basic institutions. The transformation process is aimed at the formation of a new economic system through the organization of purposeful systemic actions to create a new institutional environment.
The high level of monopolization, deindustrialization, shadowing of the Ukrainian economy, systemic corruption and total distrust of society towards all state institutions is the result of ineffective public management and requires institutional changes through systemic transformational reforms.
Institutional systemic transformational reforms in Ukraine should be aimed at the formation of a creative innovative national economy. Creative innovative national economy is a set of highly effective economic sectors, created through the symbiosis of individual creative abilities, economy and technology. As a result of this symbiosis, intellectual capital is formed and developed, which is able to generate income, create new jobs, implement the export of high-tech products and technologies, thereby simultaneously contributing to the socio-economic development of the country.
The functioning of the creative economy requires a creative institutional landscape, the formation of which involves reforming the institutions of the banking system, lending, the tax institute, the antimonopoly committee, institutions of the financial sphere through the implementation of programs for the demonopolization of the economy, a program for creating a market institutional environment and a program for building an innovative model of the Ukrainian economy and its management.
Reforming the institution of the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine (AMCU) should be aimed at identifying and stopping cartel conspiracies, bringing violators to justice, public control over the performance of the AMCU's functions, providing greater opportunities regarding the state of commodity markets, the dynamics of their prices, expanding joint work with law enforcement agencies bodies and independence from the Office of the President, the Government and the Parliament.
It is necessary to focus attention on the development and implementation of the Law on the creation and functioning of a civilized lobbying institution, its implementation in accordance with the requirements of the EU and a clear definition of the role and functions of AMCU in accordance with lobbying activities.
In the field of reforming the tax institute, management efforts should be focused on the unification of tax types. The Tax Institute should focus its efforts on the fight against black business, that is, conducting business without any registration of a person for conducting business, and lobby for the adoption of relevant laws to increase the responsibility of persons engaged in "black" business, since it brings damage to legal business.
Improving the work of the tax institute requires the implementation of various forms of tax regulation, the introduction of strategic and tactical (current) planning.
Bank management should concentrate its efforts on increasing the level of capitalization; strengthening the ability of domestic banks to compete with foreign banks; improving the quality of service and reducing the cost of the banking product; introduction of benchmarking technology, which includes the study of indicators of the bank's activity and business processes; improvement of structural subdivisions; improving the quality of customer service; improvement of technologies and information systems of the bank; lending to small businesses and investment projects.
The formation of a creative innovative economy requires significant changes in the conduction of industrial policy. The development and implementation of scientifically based industrial policy will be focused on overcoming the technological lag of the 3rd and 4th systems, the transition to energy- and resource-saving technologies while simultaneously improving their structure, the progressive movement towards an innovative model of industrial production, the return of Ukraine to the status of states that set the tone in the economic and scientific and technological spheres of activity.
Supposedly, the transition to an innovative development model covers a long-term period of 10-15 years, in which we distinguish the following stages:
The I stage consists of overcoming the technological lag in the production of the 3rd and 4th orders by means of mobilizing available reserves of internal accumulation and attracting investment resources.
The II stage consists of transition to energy- and resource-saving technologies in industry while simultaneously improving their structure and creating conditions for a technological breakthrough.
The III stage implements transition to an innovative model.
Active use of high technologies and scientific and technical developments in the latest industries serves as the main engine of the innovative development model, i.e. the development possibilities for the 5th and 6th technological systems are fully determined by the scale and effectiveness of scientific developments and the degree of their integration with applied developments. In order to achieve high R&D performance, an appropriate level of financing of the country's scientific and technological complex is required.
In modern conditions, the formation and development of a competitive business requires digitalization of economic and business processes of enterprises. The level of development of the digital environment and the physical infrastructure itself is necessary for the formation of an ecosystem.
Future competitive business must be completely digital, which will ensure speed and transparency of decision-making. The pursuit of digital change should be a constant motto for companies, since an innovative idea can make a business successful for years [3].
Taking into account the experience of other countries, the priorities for Ukrainian enterprises are deemed to be:
● government support and promotion of digital consumer tools, such as e-commerce, digital payments and entertainment;
● involvement of existing IT personnel, their training and support;
● stimulation of digital startups;
● technical provision of high-speed and accessible Internet, both wired and wireless (cellular), emphasis on the export of digital goods, services and media;
● coordination of actions and control over digital development;
● search for partners for export of products and technology.
The creation of an innovative institutional landscape requires the development and implementation of various forms of public-private partnership (PPP). Management in this area should be aimed at: implementation of concession agreements in accordance with international criteria; strengthening control over the implementation of agreements on the basis of PPP; increasing the share of PPP contracts in prospecting, mineral exploration, waste treatment, state tourism by at least 2-3%; transition from a centralized to a decentralized PPP management model with new powers of the municipal sector; creation of a high-quality legislative framework harmonized with the regulatory framework of the EU;
Along with the program of demonopolization of the Ukrainian economy, the program of transition from anti-competition to real competition plays an important role in the implementation of the program of synchronization of transformations of the model of the Ukrainian economy and public management systems.
Risks are a mandatory and indisputable element of the activity of state institutions and business. When carrying out institutional reforms, it is necessary to take into account the different behavior of economic subjects in relation to institutional reforms.
Suggested: inclusion of the AMCU lobbying activity control function in the antimonopoly legislation, adoption of a law on lobbying activity regulation; directing bank management to implementing preferential lending to small and medium-sized businesses; directing the tax management towards the unification of taxes, determining their limits and size, developing an excise policy; emphasis of management in the field of small privatization on the creation of powerful small and medium-sized businesses; focusing management attention on the implementation of various forms of public-private partnership, formation of innovative public-private partnership; completion of the decentralization reform.
Keywords
References
- North D. (2000). Institutsiyi, institutsiyna zmina ta funktsionuvannya ekonomiky (Institutions, institutional change and the functioning of the economy). Kyiv: Osnovy.
- Hirshman A.O. (1970). Exit, Voice and Loyalty. Response to Decline in Firms, Organizations and States. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Makarenko P., Korchemny V. (2021). Konkurentni perevahy innovatsiinykh tekhnolohii u zmini biznes-seredovyshcha. (Competitive Advantages Of Innovative Technologies In The Changing Business Environment). Visnyk Odeskoho NU. 26. 5(90). 47-51. https://doi.org/10.32782/2304-0920/5-90-7.